Table of Contents
Introduction
The ocean is such a beautiful place filled with millions of different animals and creatures. 70% of the surface of this planet is taken up by the ocean. Less than 5% of the ocean has been discovered and marine biologist and many other people have spent decades studying and discovering new things every day in the ocean. The ocean is broken up into 5 different oceans named The Southern Ocean, Artic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. It’s so important to keep these amazing oceans and these animals safe because most of the oxygen we breathe is produced by these oceans.
Early History
Oceanography is fairly a new study but from about 1200 B.C when people were courageous enough to vouge off into the ocean they would do so. A Phoenician is an example of people that would explore beyond the shores into the ocean and make sea maps. The Greeks are also people that wanted to navigate the ocean and they discovered many things. One of their discoveries was an ocean current beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. They believed it was a river and they were scared to cross it. They discovered that the earth is in fact not flat it is round, and they created longitude and latitude systems. Another group of explores in oceanography were the Romans. Although the romans had most of their discoveries on land they also helped with mapping the oceans.
Middle Ages
Polynesians were some of greatest sailors, ship builders and people that inhabited ancient Phoenicia. They were ancestors of the ancient Greek and roman alphabet. Vikings were seafarers mainly speaking the Old Norse language who raided and traded from their Northern European homelands across Europe. The earliest known written records of the history of china date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty.
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The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. The Ptolemy world map is a map of the world known to Hellenistic society in the 2nd century. It is based on the description contained in Ptolemy’s book Geography. History of the compass. The compass was invented almost 2,000 years ago. The first compasses were made of lodestone in Han dynasty China between 300 and 200 BC This was replaced in the early 20th century by the liquid-filled magnetic compass.
1500’s-1700’s
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first full navigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano Captain James Cook was a British explorer royal navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first recorded European contact with the eastern portion of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands and the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand
Benjamin Franklin helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution he was famous his investigations into electricity and for writing ‘Poor Richard’s Almanack. A diving bell is a rigid chamber used to transport divers from the surface to depth and back in open water, usually for the purpose of performing underwater work. The most common types are the open bottomed wet and the closed bell, which can maintain an internal pressure greater than the external ambient. The Dutchman Cornelius van Drebbel achieved this around 1620.
His boat, Drebble, is probably the first working submarine. … Built for James I by Dutch engineer Cornelius van Drebbel and tested on the River Thames around 1620, it was essentially an enclosed rowboat. Edmond Halley was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist. He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain, succeeding John Flamsteed in 1720The first voyage of James Cook was a combined Royal Navy and Royal Society expedition to the south Pacific Ocean aboard HMS Endeavour, from 1768 to 1771. It was the first of three Pacific voyages of which Cook was the commander.
1800’s-20th Century
The Nautilus was the world’s first operational nuclear-powered submarine and the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on August 3rd, 1958 Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire on February 12, 1809 and died April 19, 1882. He is famous for his work on the theory of evolution. His book On the Origin of Species.
A historical atlas is an atlas that includes historical maps and charts depicting the evolving geopolitical landscape. The Challenger expedition of 1872–76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography. The expedition was named after the mother vessel, HMS Challenger. The history of the United States Coast Guard goes back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was founded on 4 August 1790 as part of the Department of the Treasury. In 1939, the United States Lighthouse Service was merged into the Coast Guard.
In 1942, during the German occupation of France, Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Émile Gagman designed the first successful and safe open-circuit scuba, known as the Aqua-Lung. Their system combined an improved demand regulator with high-pressure air tanks. … Early scuba divers dived without a buoyancy aid submarine canyon is a steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf, having nearly vertical walls, and occasionally having canyon
1900’s-21st Century
Scripps – United States newspaper publisher who founded an important press association. Meteor was a German survey vessel, noted for her survey work in the Atlantic Ocean between 1925 and 1927. Handed over to the Soviet Union following World War II, the ship was renamed Ekvator. The ship was lost without a trace. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of marine science and engineering.
The bathythermograph, is a small torpedo-shaped device that holds a temperature sensor and a transducer to detect changes in water temperature versus depth down to a depth of approximately 285 meters. DEEP TOW is a deep ocean floor survey system that can be outfitted with sonar or cameras and towed through the water at low speeds at the end of a cable measuring several thousand meters in length.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American scientific agency within the United States Department of Commerce that focuses on the conditions of the oceans, major waterways, and the atmosphere Nuestra Señora de Atocha was a Spanish treasure galleon and the most widely-known vessel of a fleet of ships that sank in a hurricane off the Florida Keys in 1622.
Seafloor mapping, also called seabed imaging, is the measurement of water depth of a given body of water Sputnik was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957, orbiting for three weeks before its batteries died, then silently The Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was an ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983.
Conclusion
In this project I learned the many explorers and exploring devices that were and continue to be used. I gained knowledge on the voyages of the seas. I learned time periods that were important in ways I didn’t before. The project made me realize the vastness of time and the seas.
References
- Ocean Drift – National Geographic Society
- Ocean Movements – NOAA’s National Ocean Service
- Ocean Pollution Facts and Information – National Geographic
- Oceans – World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
- Top 10 Landforms of the World’s Oceans – NOAA’s National Ocean Service
- Smithsonian Ocean Portal
- MarineBio Conservation Society
