Cells can divide in three ways binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission in which the cell basically divides in halfю The single circular DNA. attached to the plasma membrane duplicates and the cell begins to grow. The continued growth of the cell separates the chromosomes, and eventually the plasma membrane and cell wall pinch in and create two new cells. Eukaryotes go through a cycle, including the interphase and the mitotic phase interphase is divided into four stages. 61. S, 62. and M. In Gl, cell growth takes place. The organelles get larger and the cell prepares for mitosis.
The reproduction of DNA and the replication of chromosomes occur in the S phase, and final preparations for occur in the G2 phase. Actual occurs in the M phase (mit05is). MEIOSIS has four sub-phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the nucleoli disappear and the chromatin fibers become discrete chromosomes. The mitotic spindle also beings to form and the centrioles begin to move towards opposite ends of the cell. Also occurring later in the prophase the nuclear envelope fragments and the microtubules attach to the kinetochores and overlap. In Metaphase the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.
The centromeres are all aligned and the sister chromatids straddle the metaphase plate. Anaphase beings when the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other, The chromosomes begin miJVing along the microtubules towards opposite ends of the cell, which is now in an oval shape. At telophase, the nonkinetochore microtubules elongate the cell even more, and daughter nuclei begin to form, Nuclear envelopes are reconstructed With fragments from the parent cell. Cytokinesis is normally underway at this point also. In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with a cleavage furrow. Microfilaments form a ring Just inside the plasma membrane at the location of the furrowing. These microfilaments contract and the cleavage deepens until the cell is split in two. In plant cells a cell plate forms during telophase by vesicles from the Golgi apparatus.
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The fusion of vesicles forms two membranes that eventually unite. This results in each daughter cell having its own plasma membrane. A new cell wall then forms between the two membranes. In mitosis, a parent cell produces two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is another form of in which a pair of homologous chromosomes end up forming four daughter haploid cells. Meiosis occurs in sex cells. Cell division is a fundamental process in biology that allows organisms to grow, develop, and reproduce. There are two primary types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Let’s explore the key features of each process.
Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells. It is responsible for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in certain organisms. The main purpose of mitosis is to produce two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. The process consists of several stages: The cell prepares for division by growing, replicating its DNA, and synthesizing necessary proteins. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Microtubules called spindle fibers form and attach to the chromosomes. Chromosomes align at the center of the cell along the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers connect to the centromeres of the chromosomes. The sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. The spindle fibers shorten, pulling the chromosomes apart. The chromosomes reach the opposite poles, and new nuclear membranes form around them. The chromosomes uncoil, and the cell begins to divide. The cytoplasm divides, separating the cell into two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.
