Table of Contents
Abstract
This paper discusses the technology advancement in the libraries. At present scenario, smart technologies are playing is a wide role on the development of information management and library operations with the help of a technological tool like e.g. Sensor based tool, Use of RFID, Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) and Robotics. Smart technologies are now going to create a new generation of library information Centres. That makes easy to access of Valuable information. Augmented reality, in which virtual content is integrated with the display of real-world scenes, is a growing area of interactive design.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (A.I.), Expert System, Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID), Robotics use in the library (Book Arm, Humanoid), Expert System, Argument Reality (A.R.).
Introduction
Technology advancement makes human work and information make it smart and easily approachable for that. Technologies (includes physical and logical applications in all formats) that are capable of adapting automatically and modify behaviour to fit the environment, senses things with technology sensors, thus providing data to analyse and infer from, drawing conclusions from rules. It also is capable of learning that is using the experience to improve performance, anticipating, thinking and reasoning about what to do next, with the ability to self-generate and self-sustain. Technologies that allow sensors, databases, and wireless access to collaboratively sense, adapt, and provide for users within the environment. Such smart technologies are currently found in library management and it housekeeping operation that environments similar to sensors and information feeds and retrieve (Encyclopaedia of Information Science and Technology, 2016).
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
According to the Oxford Online Dictionary The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He gave the first definition – “Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve many kinds of problems now reserved for humans and improve themselves
The term Artificial Intelligence often conjures images of robots and talking computers. It is a wide variety of techniques, programming styles and devices. AI defined, is concerned with intelligent behaviour in artefacts. Intelligent behaviour, involves perception, reasoning, learning, communicating and acting in complex environments.
Artificial Intelligence encompasses the following general areas of research:
- Automatic programming
- Machine Learning
- Computer vision
- Expert systems
- Intelligent computer-assisted instruction
- Natural language processing
- Planning and decision support
- Robotics
- Speech recognition.
- Augmented reality (AR)
Intelligent library systems utilise artificial intelligence technologies to provide knowledge-based services to library patrons and staff.
Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID)
RFID is an area of automatic identification that is gaining momentum and is considered by some to emerge as one of the most pervasive computing technologies in history. In its simplest form, RFID is a similar concept to barcoding. It is seen as a means of enhancing data processes and is complementary to existing technologies. It is a proven technology that has been in use since the 1970s.
A more complex description is an electromagnetic proximity identification and data transaction system. Using ‘‘RFID tags’’ on objects or assets, and ‘‘readers’’ to gather the tag information, RFID represents an improvement over barcodes in terms of non-optical proximity communication, information density, and two-way communication ability. Operational RFID systems involve tags and readers interacting with objects (assets) and database systems to provide information and/ or operational function. RFID is used for a wide variety of applications ranging from the familiar building access control proximity cards to supply chain tracking, toll collection, vehicle parking access control, retail stock management, ski lift access, tracking library books, theft prevention, vehicle immobiliser systems and railway rolling stock identification and movement tracking. While RFID systems can yield great productivity gains, they also expose new threats to the security and privacy of individuals and organisations.
Robotic Use in the Library
In the future, this tendency will be accentuated by the integration of numerous robots (e.g. wheeled robots, legged robots, humanoid robots, network sensors, etc.) in the human environment. These robots will be used mainly to provide different kinds of services to humans in an autonomous manner. These services will be either carried out by one robot or they will result from the cooperation between several robots allowing performing complex tasks.
A wide range of applications, like those dealing with warehouse management, industrial assembling, military applications, daily-life tasks, can benefit from multi-robot systems.
In a library it about the collection of information resources; it provides invaluable service to its members, to a wider local community. Typically we need a librarian to pick the book and handover it to the person to whom the books are being issued. This might be an easy task in case the library floor area is small. Also, to search for the books by humans take a lot of time as many times the books get overlooked the human eye. To overcome this problem we introduce automation in library too fast diction of books and for picking, we suggest a robot with an arm with some degrees of freedom which will be able to find out the book with the required tag and then pick it and place it on the table this automated library system becomes an important topic. This system is essential and useful to reduce human effort and save time. Various section of the system is:
- Robotic Arm
- Microcontroller (At mega16)
- RFID reader
- Conveyor system
Robotic Arm
According to the sensor data, the direction of the robot is controlled. By using robotic arm this system detects the books, picks that book from the source location and places at the desired location. Robot work based on the “Sense, Think and work” model robot senses for an obstacle in its route, makes a decision to implement collision avoidance routine and returns to the process of reaching the desired location. In the case of any difficulty faced by the robot when it does the searching, the robot halts and sends an alarm. Books can be identified using the pre-programmed data in the system which helps to maintain the books in order.
Humanoid the Future Librarian
A humanoid from English human and –void ‘resembling’ is something that has an appearance resembling a human being. More generally, the term can refer to anything with distinctly human characteristics or adaptations, such as possessing opposable anterior forelimb-appendages (i.e. thumbs), visible spectrum binocular vision (i.e. having two eyes), or bio-machine plant grade bipedalism (i.e. the ability to walk on heels and metatarsals in an upright position.
Humanoid Work as professional in the library
Noosa Library Service is set to become the first Australian public library to recruit an NAO humanoid robot. The fully programmable robot’s mission is to provide fun and practical robotics and computer programming training for adults and young people. It’s part of a new library initiative called Robots for Everyone. Coding has been described as a necessary language for the 21st century and a key skill for future economic success in digitally driven communities,” says Library Collections and Services Coordinator Tracey King. “Robots for Everyone participants will learn these new skills, and then use them to bring the robot to life.” Council bought the robot, which is yet to be named, with the help of an $18,824 grant through the State Library’s Technology Trendsetter 2015 funding program. “.
The program will introduce coding and robotics into the community via a ‘Robot Road Show’ tour to community facilities, businesses, schools, shopping centres, retirement villages and at events. This first of its kind project will also include social outreach programs, where members of the community can learn how to operate the robot and determine ways in which it could be used. Humanoid robots have also been shown to help greatly in other areas of teaching they are known to be very effective in bridging communication and learning challenges with, for example, children with autism and older adults with dementia. “Our project will pilot robot programs with partner organisations so they can explore this potential.” Noosa Library Service will launch the new program in early September.
Expert System
A piece of software which uses databases of expert knowledge to offer advice or make decisions in such areas as which is based on manpower or information communication technologies.
Technology and Implementation
According to a promotional video published by Amazon, the store concept utilizes several technologies, including computer vision, deep learning algorithms, and sensor fusion to automate much of the purchase, checkout, and payment steps associated with a retail transaction. The store concept is seen as a revolutionary model that relies on the prevalence of smartphones and geo-fencing technology to streamline the customer experience, as well as supply chain and inventory management. However, the public roll-out of the Seattle Amazon Go prototype location was delayed due to issues with the sensors’ ability to track multiple users or objects within the store, such as when children move items to other shelves or when more than one customer has a similar body habitus (weight).
Customers must download the Amazon Go app for iOS and Android, which is linked to their Amazon.com account, before shopping at the store. The app allows users to add others to their Amazon account, so kids and a spouse’s purchases can be charged to the same bill.
The ceiling of the store has multiple cameras and store shelves have weight sensors, to detect which item(s) a customer took. If a customer takes an item off the shelf, it will be added to the person’s virtual cart. If a customer places an item back on the shelf, it is ‘taken out’ of the virtual cart.
Machine Learning
To perfume a work on machine/computer that needs a set of the algorithm of instructions that will transform our command in result/work. Machines are followed our day to day activities, instructions and learning and becoming smarter day by day they perfume their job according to patron need. Some websites show search result and ads according to our previous work on the internet. The browser will countlessly track our activities throw cached or cookies files. Computer programme also works on a set algorithm pattern of instructions. They follow our activities and show relevant thing throw our taste of books reading habits like dislike etc. We also use machine learning software in libraries to understand user needs as well as and get relevant output result.
Augmented Reality (AR)
Augmented reality (AR) is a direct or indirect live view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are ‘augmented’ by computer-generated perceptual information, ideally across multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, and haptic. The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment) or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment) and is spatial registered with the physical world such that it is perceived as an immersive aspect of the real environment. In this way, augmented reality alters one’s current perception of a real-world environment, whereas virtual reality replaces the real world environment with a simulated one. Augmented Reality is related to two largely synonymous terms: mixed reality and computer-mediated reality.
The first functional AR systems that provided immersive mixed reality experiences for users were invented in the early 1990s, starting with the Virtual Fixtures system developed at the U.S. Air Force’s Armstrong Labs in 1992.
The first commercial augmented reality experiences were used largely in the entertainment and gaming businesses, but now other industries are also getting interested about AR’s possibilities for example in knowledge sharing, educating, managing the information flood and organizing distant meetings. Augmented reality is also transforming the world of education, where content may be accessed by scanning or viewing an image with a mobile device.
Current Boundaries of A.R.
The A.R. System has use vast amount of information in reality as compare to the information the hardware & software need to much strong as well as it also small light and useful and capable to display graphics as compare the reality. A.R. System also need to filter the data and discard the useless data to develop a relevant and useful information on display
Library Automation
Library automation started in India three decade ago and the initial systems were standalone applications for each library activity. Such systems were hosted on mainframe computers offered by 3rd generation programming languages like COBOL based on the file system. Such applications inherited the problems associated with file-based systems, i.e., poor accessibility, data redundancy, poor file access and arbitrary data organisation. The advancement and proliferation of computer and communication technologies and cost reduction coupled with the affordable Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) for data management have resulted in the development of Library Management Systems
(LMS) more appropriately, Integrated Library Systems (ILS). Such multi-users ILS applications were based on client-server architecture and made accessible to users through local area network (LAN). The advent of Web 2.0 semantic bolstered the LIS vendor’s confidence and offered library services over the internet through a browser. This technology has removed the lacunae of client-based applications and opened floodgates for new generation ILS.
Characteristics
Smart systems typically consist of diverse components:
- Use of Sensors to make a smart environment
- Elements of information are relevant and smart
- Self-thinking of machine they give Command and throw control units that take decisions and give instructions based on the available information
- Transmitting decisions and instructions
- Actuators that perform or trigger the required action
- Create an environment of virtual reality
- Save the time of the user.
The phase of advancement of technology
A lot of smart systems evolved from microsystems. They combine technologies and components from microsystems technology (miniaturised electric, mechanical, optical, and fluidic devices) with other disciplines like biology, chemistry, nanoscience, forensic science information communication & library information science.
There are three generations of smart systems:
- First-generation smart systems: object recognition devices, driver status monitoring, and multifunctional devices for minimally invasive surgery
- Second-generation smart systems: active miniaturised artificial organs like cochlear implants or artificial pancreas, advanced energy management systems, and environmental sensor networks
- Third-generation smart systems: combine technical “intelligence” and cognitive functions so that they can provide an interface between the virtual and the physical world
Smart system is incomplete without his compounds like artificial intelligence, RFID, QR-code, Bio-matric system robotic use and
Conclusion
Smart technologies play changing role in information management in the context of use of technologies in the libraries RFID Tools Robotics use an A.I. based gadgets and software make libraries self sufficient and give ability to self-thinking and machine thinking that is open a new gate which is going to transform our library system play In the context of libraries operations the technologies is upgraded them in a new generations it provides an effective technique of managing the text, archive, non-book materials and information and it also provides an easy gate to retrieval.
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