Post-traumatic Stress Disorder among Veterans

Introduction

“Veteran” is a Latin term of old (smith et al., 2019). A war-veteran is a non-active soldier who finished his service in the military sector (Strand, 2018). They played an essential role in wars under a tremendous amount of stress including life-threatening events; therefore, they have been honoured from more than century ago, for instance, in the U.K.11th November is the remembrance day to remember the war-victims by applying red-poppy; whereas, in the U.S 11th November is a federal holiday. The traumatic events that veterans had experienced during their service time may result in psychological distress and or physical diseases.

The PTSD impacts veterans in older age; for instance, the research studied the association between PTSD and the increased risk of cardiac vascular disease(CVD). The study was conducted on 138341 veterans with more than 50-years-old in specialize veteran center in the untied satiates found that nearly 4000 participants with a previously diagnosed of PTSD are at higher risk of having CVD (Beristianos, Yaffe, Cohen & Byers. 2016).

However, the impact of PTSD affecting veterans’ families, for instance, a research was conducted on 270 Vietnamese veteran couples resulted that the war-related psychological distress might increase the level of conflicts between veterans and their spouses (Evans, Mchugh, Hopwood & Watt, 2003). Moreover, the children of veterans who were diagnosed with PTSD are more likely to suffer from psychological distress, for example, male veterans’ children in Croatia are more likely to harm their-selves during their childhood and adolescent periods (oričević Maršanić et al., 2015).

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological distress that active military and veterans might suffer from based on statistics (Fraser, 2013). National Vietnam veterans’ statistics study (2018) shows that the prevalence of PTSD in throughout a lifetime of Vietnam war veterans is nearly 30%. Despite the high percentage of PTSD in the veterans (30%), a study showed that there seems to be a gap in post-combat psychological intervention for military and or war veterans (Xue, Ge, Tang, Liu, Kang, Wang & Zhang, 2015).

In addition, Chronic Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI), losing limbs and chronic mental heath distress are more common war-related injuries that will affect old-timer on long-term stage military service ( Evans, Glover, Washington & Hamilton, 2018;Caddick et al,. 2018). These injuries might have resulted decrease quality of life level for ex-soldiers due to difficulty in finding another jobs. Moreover, substance abuse is also common and associated with the injuries (Evans, Glover, Washington & Hamilton, 2018).

Reference

1. Beristianos, M. H., Yaffe, K., Cohen, B., & Byers, A. L. (2016). PTSD and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in aging veterans. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 192-200.‏
2. Caddick, N., Cullen, H., Clarke, A., Fossey, M., HILL, M., MCGILL, G., … & D KIERNAN, M. A. T. T. H. E. W. (2018). Ageing, limb-loss and military veterans: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing & Society, 1-29.‏
3. Evans, E. A., Glover, D. L., Washington, D. L., & Hamilton, A. B. (2018). Psychosocial factors that shape substance abuse and related mental health of women military veterans who use community-based services. Substance use & misuse, 53(11), 1878-1892.
4. Fraser, G. (2013). Book Review: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Treating PTSD in Military Personnel: A Clinical Handbook. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(2), 124–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371305800211.
5. How Common is PTSD in Veterans? – PTSD: National Center for PTSD. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_veterans.asp
6. oričević Maršanić, V., Aukst Margetić, B., Ožanić Bulić, S., Đuretić, I., Kniewald, H., Jukić, T., & Paradžik, L. (2015). Non-suicidal self-injury among psychiatric outpatient adolescent offspring of Croatian posttraumatic stress disorder male war veterans: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 61(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764014541248
7. Evans, E. A., Glover, D. L., Washington, D. L., & Hamilton, A. B. (2018). Psychosocial factors that shape substance abuse and related mental health of women military veterans who use community-based services. Substance use & misuse, 53(11), 1878-1892.
8. smith, a., Assistance, V., Jr, E., Gilliam, R., Lane, J., & Reed, D. et al. (2019). Ayushman Bharat Scheme – How it works?. Retrieved from https://va.org/what-is-a-veteran-the-legal-definition/
9. Strand, S. (2018). Inventing the Swedish (War) Veteran. Critical Military Studies, 1-19.
10. Teeters, J. B., Lancaster, C. L., Brown, D. G., & Back, S. E. (2017). Substance use disorders in military veterans: prevalence and treatment challenges. Substance abuse and rehabilitation, 8, 69.
11. Xue, C., Ge, Y., Tang, B., Liu, Y., Kang, P., Wang, M., & Zhang, L. (2015). A meta-analysis of risk factors for combat-related PTSD among military personnel and veterans. PloS one, 10(3), e0120270.‏