Evaluation and Development of a Self Driving Car

Abstract

In recent years, road accident has turned into a tremendous daily life affair in the perspective of India. Of all the accidents, car accident is the most significant contributor in this context. Every year a heavy toll of human lives is getting subjected to unnatural death due to this unexpected phenomenon. Most of the car accidents occur due to the sudden failure of braking system, any machinery breakdown or driver’s loss of control over the car during an unavoidable critical situation.

Keywords – Aurdino ,GSM Module,Driver moter, Solar Panel

Introduction

An autonomous car (also known as a driverless car, auto, self-driving car, robotic car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Autonomous vehicle navigation gains increasing importance in various growing application areas.Recently self-driving cars are coming up in the news, though the researchers have been experimenting with self-driving vehicles for over 45 years. These vehicles require a broad range of technologies and infrastructures to operate properly. Each vehicle is required to continuously collect and interpret vast amounts of information.

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Every system of the car must work with the surrounding environment. Some autonomous vehicles update their maps based on sensory input, allowing the vehicles to keep track of their position even when conditions change or when they enter uncharted environments. For any self controlled robot, the ability to navigate in its environment is one of the most important capabilities. The navigation task can be defined as the combination of three basic competences: localization, obstacle detection, path planning and vehicle control. Maintaining a dynamic speed with the front car or an obstacle is efficiently done here with distance measuring sensors. Stepper motor controlled rotating sensor is used at the time of changing lane.

The potential application areas of the autonomous navigation of self controlled robots include automatic driving, exploration of dangerous regions, transporting objects in factory or office environments, collecting geographical information in unknown terrains like unmanned exploration of a new planetary surface, etc.

Additionally a driverless car can reduce the distance between the cars, lowering the degree of road loadings, reducing the number of traffic jams, avoiding human errors, and allowing disabled people (even blind people) to drive long distances. A computer as a driver will never make any error. It will be able to calculate very precisely in order to reduce the distance between cars. By using this method, traffic jams will be shorter and parking places will be freer. Pollution and global warming is going to a severe state for the existence of human. Vehicles run by burning oil are a major cause for this. Here, the energy required for the movement of the vehicle has been derived through solar PV power which is green in nature.By green energy from a rooftop solar panel lot of fuel used by cars will also be saved.

Methodology

The solar PV panel mounted on the roof of the carpowers up the car for its locomotion. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV module to charge a battery bank along with the power for thecar. The locomotive function of the car is run by a DC motor whose and speed is controlled by controlling the DC voltage fed to the motor. The input battery voltage is passed through a buck DC-DC converter to generate the required variable DC voltage. The obstacle sensor working along with the stepper motor helps in moving the car in the desired direction. The sensor is rotated to a particular direction by the stepper motor. When it senses obstacle free zone the car changes its direction to overtake or to change the lane in the process of moving towards the set destination.[9]

Ultrasonic Sensor

• An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves.
• An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity.
• High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns.
• Ultrasonic sound vibrates at a frequency above the range of human hearing.
• Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target.
• Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and reception.
• Uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves alternately.[8]

Solar Panels

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 24%.[3]

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically in series, one to another.[10]

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage or in parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes). The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still illuminated.[4]

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:

• Speech recognition
• Learning
• Planning
• Problem solving

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines. It has become an essential part of the technology industry. Research associated with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. The core problems of artificial intelligence include programming computers for certain traits such as:

• Knowledge
• Reasoning
• Problem solving
• Perception
• Learning
• Planning
• Ability to manipulate and move objects

Results

With the proper development of an algorithm and success fulimplementation in real life condition, we are focusedin further development of this work. We already have conceptualized a polynomial based path generation methodthat will eradicate the limitations of our current straightline based system. Along with that in case of rough terrainsome path may be too much dangerous to be traversed.

A future work will be conducted to include an intentional deviation on such cases and regenerating polynomial pathfrom another point avoiding those inaccessible paths. Also,we are working with implementation of image processing inour current work. This work is in progress and beta has beentested. It will add more accuracy to proper path following with land mark detection or directional indication detection.

Conclusion

The functionality of the entire system is divided into obstacle sensing, locomotion, traffic light detection, information to the user and the navigation of the vehicle. The driverless vehicle will help eliminating accidents. Since it is powered by green energy, it will not contribute pollution and global warming. The energy source is renewable and will not face problem due to scarcity of conventional fuel in future.This project is a new effective and inexpensive way to help the people, even disabled, drive safer and faster. Practically, tens of millions of lives can be saved if people will be using self driving cars.

With the help of algorithm, vehicles can be set to automatically navigate to the destination location by continuously receiving the direction from another vehicle moving ahead to the same destination. The goal of navigation process for a robotic vehicle is to move the robot to a known destination in an unknown environment. The navigation planning is one of the vital aspects of autonomous systems. When the robotic vehicle actually starts to move towards the planned.

References

1. http://budisteanu.net/Download/ISEF%202%20Autonomous%20car%20Doc%20particle.pdf
2. IEEE PAPER – Self-Driving and Driver Relaxing Vehicle by QudsiaMemon, Muzamil .Ahmed, Shahzeb Ali, AzamRafiqueMemon, Wajiha Shah.
3. IEEE PAPER – GPS Patch Antenna with Photovoltaic Solar Cells for Vehicular Applications by Norbert Henze, Andre Giere and Henning Früchting and Pascal Hofmann
4. IEEE PAPER – Evaluation and Development of a Self-ruling Internal Control System for Preventing Car Accidents Using Artificial Neural Network by Md. SamiulHaqueSunny,Eklas Hossain, Amit Sutradhar, Manash Mandal, Md. AbdurRafiq.
5. IEEE PAPER – Self Driving Cars: A Peep into the Future by T.Banerjee, S.Bose, A.Chakraborty,T.Samadder, Bhaskar Kumar, T.K.Rana
6. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/190/artificial-intelligence-ai
7. https://techterms.com/definition/gps
8. https://www.maxbotix.com/articles/how-ultrasonic-sensors-work.htm
9. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
10.  https://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/autonomousvehicles28513504?utm_source=slideshow&utm_medium=ssemail&utm_campaign=download_notification
11. https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/ruchir1674/how-to-interface-gps-module-neo-6m-with-arduino-8f90ad