In order to compare communism in Russia and China with Fascism in Germany and Japan we mst first look at the differences within each division and the goals of each system.
The goal of communism, according to political thinkers is to create a stateless, classless society. In order to do this the people must take over the power of the bourgeoisie ( ruling class) and establish worker control for production. Communism in Russia was organized by Valdimir Lenin in 1917 and three years later Grigorii Voytinski helped build the party in China.
The same philosophy was promoted in both countries but China had a difference of opinion in some areas of interpretation. Ideologically the Party in China did follow the Rusdian policy, however, disagreed with the concept of a workers’ revolution in China. Meo Zedong believed that most of the population in china were peasants and did not believe in a pesantary revolution.
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During the 1950’s the Soviet Union Advocated a coexistence weith capitalism, while China wad determined to mark the United States as an enemy and would assist any nation oppressed by imperialism.
IN the Soviet Union Nikita Khrudhchev became the leader after Joseph Stalin had died. He wanted to Modify the government by leading the country from oppression that had been under Stalin. China did not agree and remained in agreement with the Totalitarian leadership style practiced by Stalin built around upheld Mao as a political genius. Ad their differences continued to widen China and the USSR began to split. Between 1953 and 1964 China restructured their government and at the same time eliminated a large portion of their culture.
During a plan known as the Great Leap Forward which was meant to shift a society from an agrarian to industrial society. This caused millions in China to starve as a countrywide famine existed between 1958-1961,the government had taken land away from the peasants and formed farming cooperatives. Nearly 15-20 million people died during the famine. Another plan, Cultural Revolution eliminated the traditional Chinese culture, ideas, customs, and habits of the Chinese people from 1866-1976. Many temples and schools were destroyed along with nearly three million people who were designated as a thereat to the revolution.
Deng Xiaopimg becomes the leader in China after Mao dies and now he wants to make changes to the hurting economy. He sets up a policy of free markets whereby the prople could keep anything over their quota and would be allowed to start their own side business. He encourages and even sends gifted students to attend western universities to bring back knowledge and ideas regarding Democracy and freedom.
A good look at the differences between Soviet and Chinese Communism might be that Chinese Communism lasted but Soviet Communism did not. China’s government offered its citizens greater freedom and changed the economic policy pen to foreign trade. On the other side the Soviet Union was unwilling to make any reforms it viewed as capitalistic and as a result during the 1980’s it lead to a decline in the economic system and downfall of the Soviet Union. Russia has in recent years attempted to move to a market-based economy with some results. China has moved into a market-socialism which is still active in China and they have now become one of the world’s strongest economies.
Now taking a look inside the differences of Germany and Japan we find Fascism defined as an ideology with many definitions. Sometimes it may be described as a type of political action, a political philosophy, or a mass movement. Most often it is described as authoritarian promoting nationalism at all costs, unquestionable obedience to authority, discipline, and physical strength. The name actually was coined by Benito Mussolini who created the first fascist state where his goal was to recreate the Great Roman Empire by using totalitarian rule and fueling a fear of communism.
Germany and Japan has had a history of relationship for 150 years in which they would share common values of diligence and discipline. In Germany, after WWI a Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 which held Germany accountable for starting the war and demanded harsh terms of penalties for loss of territory, reparations payments and demilitarization. A weakened state, they had lost their colonies in Africa and German territory had been given to other countries. When Adolf Hitler came into power as the Fuhrer and chancellor he began to fuel a state of frustration over these demands. Hitler is often credited as the face of fascism, however, he actually formed the German Socialist Party, (Nazi Party). They did form an alliance known as the Axes powers.
The ideas of fascism and nationalism in Japan that emerged in the 1930’s was not new but probably and extension of Japanese history. Japan had been a warrior culture dating back to the 6th and 7th centuries. They were able to defeat Western imperialism with a militant society sch as the Samurai and ideas from Zen Buddhisdm. Therefore, the government that emerged in the 1930’s was no doubt a fascist government. IN 1932 a group of right-wing Army and Navy officers assassinated the Prime Minister Tsuyoshi ending the political rule in Japan and organized the military under a dictatorship of Emperor Hirohito.
After WWI many people were yearning for unity among nations and they needed a strong leadership. Adolf Hittler recruited people that other parties had given up on and were discouraged with mainstream politics. They could use violence and terror against their opponents without loosing their own supporters. Hitler later wrote in Mein Kampf that he believed in a twin evel, communism and Judaism and intended to eradicate them both from Germany and unite all Germans to hep hin to do so.
In Japan there was a threat of western imperialism and their motivations were to strengthen the industrial and economic systems in order to build a strong military to defend against the outside powers. Emperor Hirohito’s first goal was to conquer China and make Japan the number one world power. He aligned with Germany and Italy during WWII but ruled through hid prime minister and military leader. The first time he spoke to his people was when he surrendered to the United States, in 1947
Germany retained a capitalistic economic but the state took a role in the managing by ordering workers to move to areas where manufacturing was to be done and controlling the price structure. As a result the government was able to control inflation and unemployment that had caused chaos in the past. Companies were able to maintain their profit margins, but the industrialists lost a good portion of their freedom.
Totalitarian rule such as communism and Fascism are world conflicts in social industrialisation and a rapid social change, Included in these reasons are international rivalry because of imperialism, technology, and mass communications. Countries such ad Germany, Russia, Japan and China were just not able to deal with the pressures and strains and thus fell under totalitarian rule.
