Table of Contents
The status illustrates the retirement funds. It is an integral part of the economic Community of countries. Most workers are affected by high or low pension values, while the volume of assets in trillions of dollars makes money have a significant impact on global financial markets. They are heavily involved in the real economy.
The collapse of the financial markets that would have led to the Great Depression had an impact on the assets of the pension fund, and has spent a few months on the accumulated gains over the years. This has led to concerns that people will lose their pensions less than expected.
Are these concerns justified, and what needs to be done to prevent the emergence of a similar situation in the future? This chapter examines the impact of the financial crisis on different categories of workers and retirees and examines the countries most affected. It also discusses
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Possible government actions can be protected to help those who are already suffering and ensure future benefits.
What Happened?
Pension funds amounted to $27 million and 000 000 billion in 2007 before being directly charged. The world GDP at the time was 5500000000000000 dollars. It was about half of the money invested in the real estate market, corporate bonds and deposits. After a steady rise in the past five years, stock markets collapsed in 2008, as well as real estate markets, and the assets of the pension fund fell by $3.5 billion. Did not suffer all the values. With the stock markets disturbed and fears of the collapse of the entire system, government bonds began to be boring but reliable to look like they were an attractive proposition. The global government bond index rose by nearly 7 per cent from 2008.
The total number of pension fund losses conceals significant variations from one country to another and from one fund to another, depending on the contents of its portfolios.
Ireland, with a loss of approximately 38%, and Australia, with 27%, shows bad investment performance in 2008. The United States, which accounts for about half of all private retirement assets in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), has shown the third largest decline: about 26 percent. Values fell by more than 20 per cent in five other countries: Belgium, Canada, Hungary, Iceland and Japan.
The losses were only about 10 per cent in Germany, the Slovak Republic, Norway, Spain and Switzerland, and were lower in the Czech Republic and Mexico. The main reason is that some of the funds invested mainly in bonds, especially government bonds. The shares represented 6 per cent to 12 per cent in the portfolios of the Czech, Slovak, German and Mexican republics. However, it is important to remember that in the long run, equities have achieved higher returns (although they are more risky).
Thanks to the recovery in equity prices that began in March March 2009, pension funds in some OECD countries have recovered completely from their losses in 2008 (Austria, Chile, Hungary, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway and Poland). Recovery of pension funds in the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and development
About 1500 billion dollars of the $3.5 billion lost in 2008. However, the total asset values in the ACAD region after 9% were lower than the levels of December 2007 on average.
Who Suffered More?
Most of the pension funds were rich enough to survive the crisis and wait for things to get better. However, some of the people who paid them twice, lost their savings because of the financial accident, and then lost their jobs because the crisis in the financial markets began to have a negative impact on the rest of the economy. This is particularly dangerous for older workers, who have less time to build savings again, and get more trouble finding a new job.
Public pension systems are also affected and can be multiplied again twice. First, their investments may be less valuable. Second, unemployment and low incomes mean less money flows to the system, but unless the rules are changed, they still have to be paid to the same extent.
Even if pension funds are already recovering, the effects may be devastating and lasting for individuals. Different countries have different devices, but the figures for the 401 (k) states in the US states discussed in the next section (named after the words in the tax code) show broad properties that exist elsewhere.
Too hard for old workers.
Older workers face the worst effects. Special retirement accounts for young workers are often small. Thereafter, financial losses in absolute terms are also small compared to other age groups. For children between the ages of 25 and 34, at least two to five years in the plan, the additional contributions made in 2008 exceeded the investment losses, with shares increasing by about 5 per cent.
Bilateral Effects
We have so far discussed the direct interactions between pension and pension, but pension funds, by their nature, must work with the long horizon, and their performance must be
Be evaluated on this basis. Focusing on one year may be good or bad.
The decline in capital returns was more than 2000-200 high as it was in 2008, although the latter was much faster. Despite the severity and closeness of these recessions, the pension fund has been performing positively over the past 10 years and has been healthy for the past 15 years.
Most pension funds also have very small liquidity needs (the need for ‘ready funds’) for their total assets under management. This means that they do not have to sell assets at currently low prices to meet the payment of benefits and other expenses, as they can depend on the regular flow of contributions and investment income, even if the funds are reduced. The main exception is plans to manage their assets to meet benefit payments. Therefore, when assets fall sharply, they cannot wait until the market recovers.
Changes in Risk
The way in which funds are trying to protect themselves from risk has been complicated by the crisis, and some risky strategies, including derivatives (the reason they are pushed more than other investments, is that the risk is greater). The types of derivatives used by pension funds are financial instruments that derive value from interest rates and are traded directly between two parties. This trade ‘through the Workbench ‘ does not pass through an orderly exchange and is not monitored or supervised by the public authorities. In fact, no one really knows what is happening behind their instant work, when something goes wrong, as in Lehman, the panic in the markets is due to all the surrounding uncertainties that can go below it.
