Table of Contents
Migration
According to Rutman (1970), migration is a movement of population driven by population problems especially in the economic, social, and cultural fields in a particular region. The purpose of this migration is to achieve a better standard of living than before. There are two types of migration, first national migration and international migration. National migration is the movement of population within a country territory with the encouragement of no compulsion, and aims to obtain a better standard of living, and achieve prosperity.
Types of national migration are transmigration, urbanization, ruralization, forensens, weekends, and evacuations. While the International migration is a type of migration that is done by the people of the population of the country to another country. The causes of migration are lack of employment, population density, inadequate natural resources, and the desire to improve living standards, the existence of war, and conflict. As happened in several developing countries in Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India. The number of people from that country who moved to another country is very large, and most of them are aimed at working because the availability of employment in that country is very less. According to Marujua (2017) state that for decades, sizeable numbers of Filipinos have left home in search of permanent settlement or temporary work overseas, trends long attributed to the fragile economy (and exacerbated by frequent natural disasters). Than the causes of Indian leaving their country, explained by Anju Bala.
According to Bala (2017) state that the push factors are poverty, lack of work opportunities, unemployment/ underdevelopment, poor economic condition, lack of opportunities, exhaustion of natural resources and natural calamities, scarcity of cultivated land, inequitable land distribution, and low agricultural productivity. In western Asia, people from Syria, Yemen migrate to other countries because of conflict and war in their country. According to pewresearch (2016) state that between 2005 and 2015, the number of displaced migrants in the Middle East grew fourfold, from about 5 million to about 23 million. Much of this was the result of recent conflict in three countries, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen.
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Problems of Migration
The problem of migration is complex and needs solution and cooperation from various countries. Because of the complex problems from various countries will have an impact on the increasing number of immigrants. The number of immigrants who are increasing with various objectives will certainly also be a big challenge for immigration destination countries. According to ajarekonomi (2017) states that migration issues includes
- Migration that enters another country with official documents, but lives and works in the destination country in an illegal way or not in accordance with a residence permit.
- Immigrants whose stay exceeds their rights or expires
- Immigrants who use fake documents and go through illegal channels when entering the destination country
According unfpa(2019) state that the particular vulnerabilities faced by migrants, these include descrimination, in the workplace, subjugation to racism, and xenophobia, problems with integration, and the particular challenges of migrants with an irregular or undecumented status.
USA Case
It is often heard of various problems coming from America relating to immigrants coming from Mexico. The Trump administration made a policy of rejecting immigrants coming from Latin America. The policy of prohibition is to create a border fort and stop recruiting workers from other countries. Another controversial policy is to reject immigrants from Syria and other Muslim countries. In the Obama administration there was also the deportation of immigrants from Mexico who had the goal to work in America. According to bbc (2020) stated that in 2012, the Obama administration deported a record 409,849 undocumented immigrants, arriving at a rate of about 34,000 a month. American people claims that Imigrant from Mexico are a drain on the economy.
The Role of Migration for Economy
Migration trends that continue to change, making a positive or negative impact on a country’s economy. In terms of positive impacts, the availability of labor in the migration destination. For sending countries, the positive impact will be on reducing unemployment so that people can meet their needs. As for recipient countries, the economy is running smoothly and can help improve the country’s economy. The factories, services, construction, and services require a lot of workers to produce goods and produce services. Another positive impact is migration helps improve the quality of life of people. People who work abroad get a lot of money, and with that can meet their increasing needs. Besides that, with the income, people can get a high-value good and can provide a good education for their children.
According to Martin (2011) state that migrants send money to family and friends at home. Remittances to developing countries were $325 billion in 2010, more than official development aid and almost as much as foreign direct investment
The Impact Migration for Social Culture
Migration helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people. The example imigrants workers from Philipina, India, Bangladesh come with the purpose to work in Saudi Arabia or Uni Emirat Arab. Many of them finally got to speak Arabic and follow the middle-eastern style of dress. The experience of working abroad can make people have open minded and accept differences. Most workers who come from the Philippines are Christians and can accept different cultures and religions in the Middle East countries.
Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of the region. Migration carried out by workers who have good skills can make a good contribution to the country. Workers who have good skills can work well and can even create a new inovation for the company development. Thus it can make a good contribution. For sending countries to lose professional staff and for recipient countries it will be very beneficial to advance the country’s economy. Because professionals are able to create new innovations and invest in the economically stable countries. The negative impact of migration is that many immigrants who do not have skills will be a problem for recipient countries. Workers who do not have the skills are not suitable to fill positions, so they do not work well and will become a social problem in the recipient country. Migrant workers who do not work will tend to commit social deviations and commit crimes. The second negative impact is the increased competition between immigrants and local residents. This will also have an impact on local residents who have to fight hard to get a good position and have to defeat migrants.
The Role of Migration in Demography
The trend of the migration amount that continues to change and continues every year causes a pattern of change in the demography factor. Most migrants come from developing countries with large populations and migrate to developed countries with small local populations.
This causes a trend of change in terms of population especially with the migrants who release original citizenship and move new citizenship. For countries with large populations will affect the reduction in population and for developed countries will be the goal of the entry of immigrants from various countries. The example, in Canada, the United Kingdom, America where many migrants live in the country, and live with various cultures.
President of the Philippines opens the opportunity for Rohingya to become citizens of the Philippines. According to the dailystar (2020) stated that the Philipines President Rodrigo Duterte on Tuesday offered citizenship to Rohingnya refugess, reiterating his willingness to accept them into the country. And with this the arrival of Rohingnya citizens become Filipino citizens will add to the changing demography in the Philippines. The impact is that the number of population in the Philippines will increase and the Philippine government must prepare employment opportunities for its Rohing people so that they can survive.
Besides that if the Philippine government does not provide equality in the right to obtain work and a good life for migrants from the Rohingnya it will have an impact on the problem for the Philippine.
References
- https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/philippines-beyond-labor-migration-toward-development-and-possibly-return
- https://www.ajarekonomi.com/2017/02/mencermati-persoalan-imigrasi.html
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8g334j/revision/2
- http://www.immigrationnews.ca/2018/11/06/immigration-canada-economy/
- https://www.thedailystar.net/newspaper
- https://www.prb.org/international-migration-recession-remittances/
- McKenzie, D., & Rapoport, H. (2010). Self-selection patterns in Mexico-US migration: the role of migration networks. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 811-821.
- https://voxeu.org/article/losing-it-economics-and-politics-migration
