Plant breeding is an art and science that deals with the illusion of plant symbols, features, their composition and composition to make them more useful to humans.
Climate change plays an important role in agriculture. Carbon dioxide is the basic gas for maintaining heat that contributes to recent climate change. CO2 is captured and released naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through the respiration of plants and animals, volcanic eruptions and the exchange of air into the ocean. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and land-use change are releasing large amounts of CO2 causing atmospheric concentrations to rise. Atmospheric concentrations have increased by more than 40 percent since pre-industrial times. The current CO2 level is much higher than at least 800,000 years old. Some volcanic eruptions have released large amounts of CO2 in the past. Human activities currently emit more than 30 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year. The result of the formation of CO2 in atmosphere is like tube filled with water where more water flows from the ski than what is removed can be sprayed.
Breeding plays an important role in improving the quality of food crops. Bio-fortification has played a major role in improving the quality of food crops, man-made nutrients. Breeding helps to strengthen and increase the food quality of such food crops. Rice, the World’s largest food, does not contain pro-vitamin A. However, the Golden rice project at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines and other countries has developed a variety of rice for vitamin A deficiency. Breeding is also necessary to make other plant products more digestible and safe to eat, by reducing their toxic components and by improving their texture and other attributes. The high lignin content of plant content reduces its animal feed value. Toxic substances occur in major food crops, such as yam alkaloids, cynogenic glucosides in cassava, trypsin inhibitors in pulses and steroidal alkaloids in potatoes.
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Modern breeding techniques play an important role in organic agriculture for crop improvement unrestricted genetic mutants. For example, controlled crosses between populations allow the desired genetic diversity to be reproduced into seed offsprig by natural processes. Selective Selection by Marker can also be used as a diagnostic tool to facilitate selection of desirable traits, greatly accelerating the breeding process.
Role of genetics in agriculture is very important. Biotechnology plays an important role in agriculture. BT Cotton is one of them. This is genetically modified cotton. ‘Bt’ stands for microbe Bacillus thuringiensis. These events produce a protein that kills insects or toxins that kill other pests such as tobacco, flies, mosquitoes, beetles etc. This protein is non-toxic to bacillus itself. This is because it remains inactive (like protoxin) in Bacillus. It becomes active upon entering into contact with the alkaline pH of insect’s stomach when insects enter it.
The activated toxin in it binds to the surface of epithelial cells and creates pores in it. This causes the cells to swell and swell eventually leading to death of the insect. Scientists isolated Bt toxin species from Bacillus thuringiensis and applied them to various plant species such as cotton. This variety is called Bt cotton. As most Bt toxins are found in the insect collection, the selection of the genes to be included depends on the crop and the target insect. It is a type that has codes for coding for a toxic protein and where a large number of these genes. For example, the types of cryIAc and cryIIAb encode toxicity that regulates cotton poisoning while genia cryIAb controls the insect ‘corn borer’.
Development of transgenic cultivars is done through genetic engineering technique. Although there are many different and complex techniques involved in genetic engineering, their basic principles are fairly simple. There are five major steps is the construction of a genetically engineered plant. But in every step, it is very important to know the biological and functional mechanisms, the preservation of gene expression and safety of gene and product of genus to be used. The first step is the extraction of DNA from the body known as sterilization.
The second step is integration of genes which will distinguish the type of offspring from all the extracted DNA and the multiple sequences of the genetic material in host cell. Once molded, the seed type is formed and compacted to be treated and exposed simultaneously within the host tree. The convertable version will then be reproduced in the host cell to make thousands of copies. Once the genetic package is ready, it can then be imported into plant cells that are transformed by a process called mutation. The most common methods used to introduce a type package to plant cells include biolistic modification (using genetic gun) or Agrobacterium-Madiated mutation.
Once the implanted species is stable, inherited and exposed to subsequent generations then the plant is considered a pest. Backcross breeding is the first step in genetic engineering process in which transgenic yields fall through a variety of important agronomic factors, and are selected to produce high-quality plants that produce the desired type. The length of time for transgenic plant construction depends on the types of plants, resources available and regulatory approvals. It may take 6 to 15 years before a new transgenic hybrid is ready for release.
Anther culture is the process of finding haploid plant (half of a chromosome number) in normal diploid plants. Species of plants with different chromosome number are crossed to produce haploid plants in this process. Anther culture allows for rapid correction of homozygosity through the discrimination of regenerated plants and consequently serves as an appropriate mechanism for the development of inner line. Anther culture has been successfully used to accelerate breeding programs in several types of plant including rice. Although the anther culture technique has been successful in rice breeding in Japonica, the use of Indica rice remains limited because of its unique genetic background.
