Flood Management in Metropolitan Area of Curitiba

The Metropolitan Area of Curitiba is the second largest capital which located in the Southern Brazilian State of Paraná. The Metropolitan Area of Curitiba have humid subtropical highland climate with some feature of the Oceanic climate which cause exceedingly large precipitation all year around and moderately warm or summer. (En.wikipedia.org, n.d.)

The city has moderate winter due to of low scope which separates its atmosphere structure commonly calm ones. It is located on a level and the level even with overflowed territories that contributed mellow and clammy winter. There are flows of water on the main river and other river however the series are short and non-stationary because of the urbanization impact. (En.wikipedia.org, n.d.)

The catchment areas of Curitiba consists of waterway and streams that cross the city in various ways, assembled in six other rivers. The principle streams that structure the city’s watershed are Atuba River, Balem River, Bariguii River, Passauna River, Rebeirao dos Padilhas and the Iguacu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. (En.wikipedia.org, n.d.)

Make sure your essay is 100% unique

Our experts will write for you an essay on any topic, with any deadline and requirements from scratch

127 our experts are available
right now

Get custom essay

Curitiba’s atmosphere is named warm and mild. There is huge precipitation during the time in Curitiba. Indeed, even the driest month still has a great deal of precipitation. The Koppen Geiger atmosphere arrangement is Cfb (oceanic climate with warm summer). (Weather-and-climate.com, n.d.)

The Curitiba Metropolitan city covers about 432.17 square kilometers on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has geographical details of smooth, adjusted slopes, giving it a generally standard shape. The city has a normal elevation of 934.6 meters (3,066 ft) above ocean level. (En.wikipedia.org, n.d.)

Tucurui Dam

The Tucuruí Dam is constructed into concrete gravity dam at the Tocantins River which situated on the Tucuruí County, Brazil. The purposes constructing the dam are to generate hydroelectric power by flow of water and the route of water. The Northern area of the Brazil is different from the Southern area where it has humid tropical and subtropical but much drier than Southern area. The annual rainfall is moderate all year around. Sedimentary rocks contribute with a high convergence of suspended issue and, accordingly, present high turbidity on the Tocantins stream water

The soils are made up mainly of podsol and latosols of low fertility and high acidity. At the high and middle of Tocantins River there are no floodplains and along of the watershed are covered with dry savanna where the yearly rainfall is estimated between 1,500 to 2,000 mm. The lower part of the watershed is covered by the tropical rainforest that situated at the Turucui Dam. The Turucui Dam have tributaries channel in dendretic pattern in the tropical rainforest.

The table below shows the average monthly flows of the Tocatins River at Turucui.

Flood Management in Curitiba

The main issue for Metropolitan Curitiba, Brazil is flooding which causes from the natural floods that consist of two types of flood are floods due to urbanization and floods due to low river capacity.

Floods Due To Urbanization

The floods happen due to urbanization or occupy the land where the land surface are not allowing the water pass through the soil and storm runoff to the river systems. As population of Metropolitan Curitiba growth, the rate of flood will also increase. These floods for the most part happen in downtown of Curitiba and in the profoundly urbanized destinations of the urban areas in the Metropolitan region. When the flood event occurs, the floods are transferring one point to another from the river channels as the Curitiba area has many river channels which cause high cost for the local government as the flood protection at the area. (BRAZIL: FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN CURITIBA METOROPOLITAN AREA, n.d.)

Floods Due To Low River Capacity

The flood plain where mainly at Belem, Palmital and Atuba river which been invasion of unapproved developments and occupation since there is no restriction to construct a building at the flood areas before Urban Master Plan. During the flood months, hydrograph was dampening by the storage limitation of the valley and the regional authority tries eliminates the occupation of flood plains. (BRAZIL: FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN CURITIBA METOROPOLITAN AREA, n.d.)

There will be a lot of urban works since it is at Metropolitan area such as high rise buildings, bridges and also land fill will cause the flow of the river to stop or non-stationary where the water will spill out from the river channel as the heavy precipitation occurs. It is also because of poor drainage system which lack of knowledge regarding the occurrence of floods level and planning urban development that takes account of flood risks.

The river has a bigger natural flood plain because of small river channel with bottom slope where causes the water spill out from the channel where heavy rainfall happens.

The main problems of reservoir in Brazil are due to the size of reservoir, the reservoir itself, the volume, the occupancy of the water and also geographical location.

Numerous papers distributed in the worldwide writing have assessed and examined their belongings immersion of significant cultural land; weakening of fish movement, loss of earthly vegetation and fauna, changes in the waterway fauna and vegetation, hydrological changes downstream, impedance in dregs transport systems; the spreading of waterborne infections by creating a great situation for vectors, the loss of social/chronicled legacies, social consequences for the neighborhood populaces including migration, and changes in monetary exercises and customary land uses and practices. Geophysical issues because of water amassing have likewise been called attention to and a few downstream changes revealed. Every one of these results can cause of immediate or circuitous effects.

The numerous uses of supplies joined with biogeophysical and social qualities produce numerous complexities, clashes, and challenges requesting that requesting procedure, new methodologies and inventive answers for satisfactory administration. What’s more a few of these counterfeit frameworks are spatially mind boggling, having a dendritic example, many side arms, and limited channels close to the tributaries.

When all is said in done the stores in Brazil, other than the issues tended to above, delivered, in the wake of filling, genuine effects because of water quality weakening as an outcome of watershed utilizes, just as, release of modern effluents, residues of agrarian uses, and untreated sewage transfer. Populaces living along the waterway have needed to adjust to the new hydro-social cycle made because of repository development and activity.

The list problems reservoir in Brazil:

• Eutrophication
• Increased toxicity and general contamination which mix with water
• Siltation and rapid filling-up with sediment
• Spreading of waterborne diseases from the flow of water
• Salinization which in reservoirs located at Northeast Brazil
• Large volume of anoxic water in the reservoir and also the downstream
• High internal load and toxic sediment
• Loss of water quality which are due to low dissolved oxygen, high conductivity, low pH and organic matter.
• Decreased efficiency of land use
• High concentration of macrophyte and growth associated with eutrophication; loss of arable land
• Relocation of population

References

1. Usgs.gov. (n.d.). Watersheds and Drainage Basins. [online] Available at: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/watersheds-and-drainage-basins?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
2. International Rivers. (n.d.). International Rivers. [online] Available at: https://www.internationalrivers.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
3. Tucuruí Dam and Amazon/Tocantins River Basin – Brazil case study. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://www.internationalrivers.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
4. tucurui case study. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
5. Weather-and-climate.com. (n.d.). Average monthly rainfall and snow in Curitiba (Parana), Brazil (millimeter). [online] Available at: https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,curitiba,Brazil [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
6. Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). Brazil – Climate. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/Climate [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
7. Hydrological Processes and Climate Change in Hydrographic Regions of Brazil. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://m.scirp.org/papers/71810 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
8. Tucuruí Hydro-Power Complex (Brazil) FINAL SCOPING. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
9. En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Tucuruí Dam. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019]. Large-scale projects in the amazon and human exposure to mercury. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
10. Tucuruí hydroelectric dam, Pará, Brazil. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://ejatlas.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019]. (Tucuruí hydroelectric dam, Pará, Brazil, n.d.)
11. Successful Master Plan Implementation in Curitiba, Brazil. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
12. Flood Management in Curitiba Metropolitan Area, Brazil. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://i2ud.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
13. Environmental impacts of Brazil’s Tucuruí Dam. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
14. Clustering of historical floods observed on Iguaçu River. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://www.scielo.br [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
15. Sustainable Urban Planning (Curitiba City). (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
16. Flood Control of Metropolitan Area of Curitiba by Carlos EM Tucci. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://www.mpf.mp.br [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
17. FLOOD CONTROL AND URBAN DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://rhama.com.br [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].. BRAZIL: FLOOD
18. MANAGEMENT IN CURITIBA METOROPOLITAN AREA. (n.d.). [ebook] Available at: http://www.floodmanagement.info [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].
19. En.wikipedia.org. (n.d.). Curitiba. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba [Accessed 20 Aug. 2019].