Table of Contents
Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is said to be one of the most common form of neurobehavioral disorders. ADHD is basically a chronic phenomenon which involves prominent symptoms and impairments which can go up to adulthood. ADHD is said to be associated with some co-occurring disorders including disruptivess, mood swings, stress and drug abuse. The diagnosis of ADHD is done by reviewing the symptoms of ADHD and its impairments. The biological cause of ADHD is supported by genetics, neuronal imaging, neuronal chemistry and neuropsychological data collected. All aspects of an individual’s life should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. The treatment includes educational, family, and individual support. Behaviour therapy alone and in combination with medication will be helpful for ADHD and its problems to be treated.
Therapy including stimulants, agents which are nor adrenergic, alpha receptor agonists, antidepressants also plays a role in the management of ADHD for a long-term management across the lifespan. Evidence has been shown regarding high levels of relation between attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and a huge number of other forms of disorders, which basically includes mood swings and stress disorders and abnormal conductivity disorders. ADHD basically is most likely a collection of conditions, rather than a single and simple clinical condition, it potentially has different etiological and modificative risk factors and different forms of outcomes. Follow-up studies of children suggest that ADHD indicate different subgroups of types of ADHD and related disorders they have a much poorer outcome as it is evident by significantly greater social, emotional, and psychological difficulties.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is said to be associated with high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. Some people with ADHD has fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. In adults, the main features of ADHD may include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Adults with ADHD may find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. The inability to control impulses can range from impatience waiting in line or driving in traffic to mood swings and outbursts of anger.
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Adult ADHD symptoms may include Impulsiveness, Disorganization and problems prioritizing of the basic needs in their life. Poor time management skills and have problems focusing on a task. Excessive activity or restlessness leads to poor planning and can have many job-related issues. Low frustration tolerance and frequent mood swings have been a feature of ADHD patients. Substance use disorder or substance abuse disorder is very common, affecting almost about 1 in 5 adults with ADHD. Adolescents having ADHD are twice more likely to become cigarette smokers as those compared with people who don’t have ADHD cigarette smoking is said to be a proclaimed risk factor for the development of subsequent substance abuse disorder in adulthood.
Substance Use Disorder
Patients with Substance Use Disorder and ADHD have been shown to have low retention in Substance Use Disorder treatment programs or awareness programs, low rates of Substance Use remission, and longer courses and effects of Substance Use Disorder. Substance Use Disorder also leads to complications for the diagnosis of ADHD in adult. Luckily the pharmacological treatments for ADHD does not appear to cause or increase the risk for development of Substance Use Disorder in ADHD patients. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can be said as one of the most common neurobehavioral conditions of childhood in people suffering from ADHD. We should be raising the concern that ADHD is not just but a disease but it also is a group of symptoms representing a common behaviour pathway for a large number of emotional, psychological, and problems with learning. Increased numbers of children, boys especially, are said to be diagnosed with ADHD and are treated with medications which are basically forms of stimulants Methodical review suggests some raised concerning issues such as some Core ADHD symptoms are inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsivity they are not just unique to ADHD.
Rates of psychiatric and learning problems suggests that including depression and anxiety they range from about 12 to 60%, with significant symptoms that overlap with ADHD, difficulties of diagnosis, and evidence-based studies on treatment methods which do not include medications which are stimulants. No neurological and psychological test result prove that it is pathognomic for ADHD, and the structural and functional neuroimaging studies have not identified any new unique ethiology for ADHD. No genetic markers have been identified consistently, and heritability studies are basically confounded by familial environmental factors. The parent and teacher ratings of the school children are frequently discrepant, suggesting that they use subjective informant data via tests or interview which does not form an objective of basis required for diagnosis of ADHD. Empiric diagnostic trials of medications suggest that they produce a behavioural response and have been shown not to distinguish between children with or without this disorder. This overlapping between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and dyslexia is consistently reported in the form of literature.
The relationship which occurs between attentional and basic cognitive and behavioural functions makes it really difficult to distinguish between behavioural from and cognitive symptoms which are seen in children with disabilities in learning. Research on ADHD in children with learning disabilities has been dealt with inconsistencies and is further confounded by the process of learning disabilities and ADHD. Reports have found that there is no birth order influence on risk of ADHD, Families having adopted sons, nonnuclear families, and families with only one child and with sons who are affected or unaffected or who are younger than 6 years old or older than 18 years were excluded. The analysis showed that ADHD was said to be associated with birth order and the firstborn children nearly had twice the risk of getting ADHD in children. Hence birth order can be an ADHD risk factor in clinical samples. Adaptive functioning has said to be examined in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the psychiatric comparison on a group of children with severe developmental disorders or mild mental retardation as assessed by the basic Adaptive Behaviour Scales, adaptive functioning was said to be well below average for all those three clinical groups.
The PDD/MR group had the lowest adaptive Functioning scores, although they are not statistically different from those other groups. However, the levels of adaptive functioning which are relative to IQ in the areas of being under the influence of Socialization, Communication and Daily Living was significantly much lower for the ADD and ADHD groups. The deficits in adaptive functioning that characterize in children with ADHD and ADD explains the poor long‐term prognosis of ADHD, which suggests that increased attention should be paid for the assessment and treatment of adaptive functioning in individuals with ADHD and ADD.ADHD children are always vulnerable to a time on different task effects on their performances which could basically explain part of their difficulties.
ADHD in Children
Virtual reality is a very reliable method for testing ADHD in children with ability to sustain their performances over time. Usage of games, video feed forward and feedback techniques, behavioural therapies and peer modelling and parental involvement act as an effective means to develop their social skills in children with ADHD. Existing research suggests that children having increased intellectual disabilities are at increased high risks for ADHD, and that the symptoms of the disorder they have might successfully be treated with the help of stimulant drugs. However, there has been very little exploration on the ADHD symptoms and their correlation in children having intellectual disabilities. Analyses of three samples of children suffering with intellectual disabilities were presented. Correlational analyses have showed that younger children, and those with the diagnosis of Autism were rated having much more ADHD based hyperactivity symptoms. There was very little evidence of a difference on sex, and there were no strong associations with the domains of adaptive behaviours such as socialization, communication, and daily living skills.
But there was a small but almost significant negative association between mental age and ratings of their symptoms. Finally, there was an increased prevalence of ADHD based hyperactivity symptoms that was confirmed in the children with intellectual disabilities as compared to their siblings. This effect remained after controlling for chronological and mental age differences between these siblings. These findings support the previous forms of research and they suggest that ADHD based Hyperkinesis may be a valid form of psychiatric diagnosis for children with these intellectual disabilities. However, there is a great deal of more amount of research that is needed to explore this phenomenon and process of ADHD in intellectual disabilities and to develop an evidence base for this psychosocial intervention.
Conclusion
ADHD is one of the most common neuropsychological conditions diagnosed in children. The disorder is chronic and appears in up to 60% to 70% of adults who were diagnosed with this condition as children. Symptoms of ADHD disorder include inattention, distractibility, and impulsivity, that are frequently accompanied by physical and motor hyperactivity. Therapy for this condition includes ADHD medications (stimulant drugs) with behavioural therapy techniques.
