Table of Contents
Biological
For most parent’s pregnancy is life-changing and exciting, and described at length its physical and emotional dimensions. Some women enjoyed being pregnant and said they ‘didn’t have any problems. Others found the experience of pregnancy more challenging, whether for physical or emotional reasons or a combination of both. Some men also talked about their emotional experiences during their partner’s pregnancy. My mother also has experience fatigue and nausea for the whole nine months. She always says that mine pregnancy was difficult than my sister.
My mother told me I was sociable and energetic baby. In my opinion, both nature and nurture play an important role in influencing one’s behavior. For example, Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory states that aggression is a learned from the environment through observation and imitation. This is seen in his famous Bobo doll experiment (Bandura, 1961). Also, Skinner (1957)believed that language is learnt from other people via behavior shaping techniques. Freud (1905) stated that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. He thought that parenting is of primary importance to a child’s development, and the family as the most importance feature of nurture was a common theme throughout twentieth century psychology (which was dominated by environmentalists theories). . Until this time, I am very social person just like my mother, whereas my sister is clam just like my father. Me and my sister we have different personality also I look alike my mother where as my sister look like my father.
As my parent told me I was walking before I turned 10 months, much earlier than mine younger sister. We grow up in big family surround by relative. Social and language development was early compared to other children. I believe our surrounding help us to achieve our milestone development milestone early
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Cognitive
Jean Piaget suggested that regardless of culture, the cognitive development of children follows a predetermined order of stages. Piaget’s stages are: Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage and formal operational stage According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, children are not capable of performing certain tasks or understanding certain concepts until they reach a Piaget’s stage. In addition, Piaget believed that children take an active role in the learning process, acting much like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world. As kids interact with the world around them, they continually add new knowledge, build upon existing knowledge, and adapt previously held ideas to accommodate new information.
With these experiences, both physical and cognitive, they are ready to master new skills. This is essential for children to move through the Piaget stages. Research has disputed Piaget’s argument that all children will automatically move to the next stage of development as they mature. Some data suggest that environmental factors may play a role in the development of formal operations. The theory seems to suggest that reaching the formal operational stage is the end goal of development, yet it is not clear if all people actually fully achieve the developmental tasks that are the hallmark of formal operations. Even as adults, people may struggle to think abstractly about situations, falling back on more concrete operational ways of thinking(Kendra).
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky theories stress the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition (Vygotsky, 1978), as he believed strongly that community plays a central role. He introduced the concept of Sociocultural aspect in learning. The sociocultural perspective emphasizes on the importance of the cultural background of a child that shapes his cognitive development. A child grows up in under developing country who have never been to a school but who work in family shop as casher are capable of carrying out intricate and complicated mathematics to make profits. They did not have to go to a regular school to learn mathematics, but during their interaction with their society, they assimilated information which shaped their cognitive process. Vygotsky in his theory believed, the development first takes place at a social level and then on an individual level. When the child interacts with his immediate society, he internalizes the information received which contributes to the cognitive development of a child.
According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development ‘[The] distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.’—Lev Vygotsky, Mind in Society, 1978. Essentially, this zone is the gap between what a child knows and what he does not yet know. The process of acquiring that information requires skills that a child does not yet possess or cannot do independently but can do with the help of a more knowledgeable other.
A child is capable of learning on his own. However, he may need assisted training. Assisted training is guiding or supporting the child in the initial stages of learning but can be decreased or diminished with time as a child begins to get independent. Helping with classroom work, providing with clues for answers, encouragement at the right time, breezing through steps of complicated problems and etcetera are a few ways of assisted training.
The main criticism of Vygotsky’s work concerns the assumption that it is relevant to all cultures. Rogoff (1990) dismisses the idea that Vygotsky’s ideas are culturally universal and instead states the concept of scaffolding – which is heavily dependent on verbal instruction – may not be equally useful in all cultures for all types of learning. Indeed, in some instances, observation and practice may be more effective ways of learning certain skills.
Social and emotional development is a child’s ability to understand the feelings of others, control his or her own feelings and behaviors, get along with other children, and build relationships with adults. For children to develop the basic skills they need such as cooperation, following directions, demonstrating self-control and paying attention, they must have social-emotional skills. In my opinion having positive social and emotional skills is important throughout life. Positive psychosocial have an impact on how child function at home, school, community and heath relationship. A positive relationship with trusting and caring adults with child is the key to successful emotional and social development.
The social-emotional development begins with parental bonding to the child. This bonding allows the mother to respond to the child’s needs timely and soothe their newborn. The consistent availability of the caregiver results in the development of ‘basic trust’ and confidence in the infant for the caregiver during the first year of life. Basic trust is the first psychosocial stage described by Erickson. This allows the infant to seek for parents or the caregiver during times of stress, known as the attachment.
Social-emotional development includes the child’s experience, expression, and management of emotions and the ability to establish positive and rewarding relationships with others (Cohen and others 2005). Even infants can experience, express, and perceive emotions before they fully understand them. In learning to recognize, label, manage, and communicate their emotions and to perceive and attempt to understand the emotions of others, children build skills that connect them with family, peers, teachers, and the community. These growing capacities help young children to become competent in negotiating increasingly complex social interactions, to participate effectively in relationships and group activities, and to reap the benefits of social support crucial to healthy human development and functioning
From where I grow, I have strong family interaction . It is normally to find three generations of a family living together, sharing the work and the pleasures of family life. Grandparents are highly valued because they are the teachers of the young. They tell their grandchildren stories of their history, their religion, and the best way to gain power and influence in the community. I grow up in big family with small town barely where everybody now each other. while my parent go to work , they would drop me and my sister to a my grandparent house or close relative house. Me and my sister used love to go to out grandparent house. One of the favorite things was lasing listen their ineradicable story. Our close relative also have children and we love to stay in their house to play with the children. I think grow up with surrounding of relative and family help me to developed and maintain a bond with my family
One of the big difficualt time I had with my parents was when get pregnant without marriage. In my community being pregnant before marriage is disgracing to the family. My father didn’t talk to for month. Our relationship changed a lot during that phase and honestly I would blame it on the generation gap which we had. They belonged to a different time and found it very difficult to accept that things have now changed a lot. After a year I married the father of my child and think getting smooth with my father.
