From the P.E.S.C.I model I am going to choose economically and socially as examples from how they influenced and changed racial inequality. Economically and socially has influenced and changed racial inequality big time because economically it can affect people who are not white with jobs and socially it can affect people’s interactions, etc.
Economically it has affected racial inequality negatively and positively. For example, in South Africa there have been a lot of negative impacts when the Dutch arrived to gain a colonial presence that came up with the idea to have slaves and created local serfdom with the native population. The result was early forms of inequality by not giving rights to people of color. In 1795 the British came to take over the Cape against the French incursions into the East mostly during the Napoleonic wars. The slave trade created early forms of inequality by VOC Traders.
By the mid 18th century slaves at the Cape are from many different locations like South East Asia, Madagascar, India, etc. The Dutch created racism and stereotypes based on when slaves became a thing. People from Delagoa Bay were the most looked down upon and were given the harshest jobs. As the slave trade kept going on in Delagoa Bay, they created a nonstable effect in the East as populations were demanded to be removed from their lands. Those taken away by the growing slave trade became refugees in four African states like the Pedi, Ngwana, Mokoteli, and the Zulu. King Shaka created a coalition of fortified settlements to defend refugees against raiders (Krotke-Crandall, “Roots of Inequality: Race and Segregation in South Africa,” WSU).
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The Diamond Zone became a crowded place due to the different politics around the country. In 1876 the Ruling allowed for a British annexation and allowed movement for a kind of form of formal consolidation of the independent states. By the mid 1870s, the White population of the cape was representing only a third of the total population. The cape only accounted for three fourths of the total population. Growth in Diamond and Gold mining forced for a bigger expansion by the British around four of the Settler States. Two thirds of the population spoke Dutch but has the most political power with the English speaking people. This was mind blowing for me because the people of color took up most of the population and yet the little of how many white people were there were ruling the country (Krotke-Crandall, “Roots of Inequality: Race and Segregation in South Africa,” WSU).
The growing problem between the English and Afrikaans led to why the creation of the Afrikaans Bond which was an anti-British pan-Afrikaans political party. Politics and Race joined together with politics which wanted to tear apart a growing black population. Black farmers were growing cash crops and were becoming more aware and educated. They created their own political organization. As the gold mining kept on growing and feeding the economies of the four settler parts, and so did the sentiment for securing British control and Afrikaans independence. In 1899-1902 the South African War would settle the debate. The war split the colonies up between the British forces and Boer armies. In 1902, the Boers fought for peace.
The treaty of Vereeniging created the British military victory with on concession. Once self-governance was finally returned to the Boers, they made the decision of the franchise to the native population for it to be talked about. The Union of South Africa was established on May 31, 1910, created by constitutional convention in 1908. During the period of reconstruction, the Afrikaan politicians and mining capitalists to make the economic dominance of gold stronger which made sure that Settler minorities beat most of the blacks. The black societies were taxed and policed more harshly which took away their political power. Racial segregation grew with more policies which proposed during reconstruction after 1910 (Krotke-Crandall, “Roots of Inequality: Race and Segregation in South Africa,” WSU).
In 1924 came the Prime Minister Hertzog, that made Afrikaans an actual language and protected homes, and helped develop the Statute of Westminster to see the equality of the dominions and their rights. Blacks still were seeing a reversal of their earlier benefits. It restricted mobility, took away opportunities, were more controlled and not given much freedom, and their economic conditions started to go away as the conditions of tenancy became more difficult with the whites who owned farms, and the urban gave a harsh alternative for people who left the land. In the 1930s there was an increase in urbanization and exportation of goods for consumer products. But only the whites saw the benefits because it didn’t benefit the blacks one bit (Krotke-Crandall, “Roots of Inequality: Race and Segregation in South Africa,” WSU).
Some of the positives are that the second world war helped South Africa economically because it increased the need for labor which brought more blacks to urban areas where they set up housing. The war helped the blacks outnumber whites in urban settings which gave them more political power (Krotke-Crandall, “Roots of Inequality: Race and Segregation in South Africa,” WSU). In the late 1700s, Methodists and Quakers started to fight against slavery with around their own congregations by taking out slaveholders. Their action helped encourage enslaved blacks to fight for their freedom. The American colonies’ enslavement to Britain gave a religious language to criticize the holding of blacks as slaves. The British and American armies made limited offers of freedom to people who would fight for them, and the chaos with the war gave slaves better opportunities to get away from their masters. But the Revolution didn’t completely stop slavery in New York because of the economic reasons for keeping slaves right away after the Revolution because slaves still were important and important labor source until the immigration from Europeans got bigger but there were still political reasons to keep slaves. Some of the slaves made deals with their masters to buy family members but other slaves started to rebel against their masters and were starting to escape from them. As more of this kept happening, the number of slave runaways were constantly increasing (Harris 52-54).
Socially, racial inequality has been both negative and positive. Some of the social negatives with the influence of racial inequality is that it can cause hate crimes from people who deeply don’t like someone’s race. The statistics on hate crimes gave an evaluation of the level of anti-integrationist violence. It has shown the related links between increases in hate crimes and the movement of smaller numbers to white neighborhoods. The analysis of residents found that cities with bigger rates of antiblack hate crimes also had bigger levels of black and white differences which means that more antiblack hate crime happened more in cities that were more set apart (Bell 306-307).
There is still a lot of social racial inequality nowadays even if it seems like it has gotten better over the centuries but it is still a huge problem. People often stereotype black people to where they cause the most crime to where police officers will stop and question black people even if they don’t seem suspicious, they only stop them just because they are black and not for anything else. If blacks live in a neighborhood that is mostly white then they tend to get looked down upon by the whites because they don’t want them there, it will cause attacks and hate crimes against them. They will also experience graffiti, arson, and verbal harassment from their neighbors.. Some of the positives are that socially there are laws where we can’t discriminate people based on their color, for example, schools can’t discriminate and everyone is treated the same. Since schools aren’t teaching about racism then kids tend to not learn about it which helps them not see black people as different and see them as human like they should (Bell 308).
