Table of Contents
CFA Level 1 – Portfolio Management, Session 18 – Reading 61
(Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions)
1. Which of the following are least likely key assumptions of the CAPM?
A)Investors can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate.
B)Investors throughout the world have identical consumption baskets.
C)Unlimited short selling is allowed with full access to short-sale proceeds
Explanation — The key assumptions of CAёPM are that investors can borrow and lend at the risk-free rate, and that unlimited short selling is allowed with full access to short-sale proceeds. If these assumptions are violated, the market may not be efficient and the relationship between expected return and beta may not be linear. “Investors throughout the world have identical consumption baskets” is an assumption of ICAPM
2. With respect to the CAPM, if there are restrictions on borrowing at the risk-free rate and on short selling, which of the following is least likely to be result of this condition?
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A)The process of adjusting portfolio risk by adjusting the portfolio beta to be more exact.
B)The relationship between each asset’s return and the market return is nonlinear.
C)The Treynor measure yields unreliable rankings among assets
Explanation — If investors are not able to short sell or borrow at the risk-free rate, the market portfolio may not be efficient. If the market portfolio is inefficient, the relationship between beta and expected return in the CAPM may not be linear. If this is the case, using the Treynor or Jensen measure to compare risk-adjusted performance can lead to unreliable rankings. In addition, adjusting portfolio risk by adjusting the portfolio beta may not expose the investor to the desired level of risk, and this will make the adjustment of portfolio risk using a beta that is less exact
3. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) assumes that investors can borrow at the risk-free rate and short sell, and also, that the market portfolio is efficient. With respect to the risk-free rate and selling short, the market portfolio may NOT be efficient:
A)if either borrowing at the risk-free rate or short-selling is not possible.
B)under no circumstances, the market portfolio is efficient by definition.
C)if both borrowing at the risk-free rate and short-selling are not possible
Explanation — The capital market line (CML) relies on the assumption that the market portfolio is efficient. That is, the market portfolio lies on the efficient frontier and offers the highest possible level of return for its level of risk. If investors are not allowed or able to short sell or borrow at the risk-free rate, however, the market portfolio may not be efficient
4. The practical consequences that follow when restrictions on borrowing at the risk-free rate and on short selling exist are least likely to be:
A)CAPM risk-adjustments may be necessary.
B)Even if the market portfolio is measured accurately, the expected return/beta relationship still might not be linear.
C)Less risk-averse investors will hold different risky portfolios than more risk-averse investors
Explanation — The practical consequences include:
1.CAPM risk-adjustments may not be appropriate.
2.Even if the market portfolio is measured accurately, the expected return/beta relationship still might not be linear.
3.Less risk-averse investors will hold different risky portfolios than more risk-averse investors
5. The CAPM assumes that all investors will hold the same portfolio of risky assets. With respect to borrowing at the risk-free rate and on short selling, investors may hold very different portfolios:
A)if there are restrictions on both borrowing at the risk-free rate and/or short selling.
B)if there are restrictions on borrowing at the risk-free rate but not on short selling.
C)under no circumstances
Explanation — Restrictions on short selling and/or borrowing at the risk-free rate make investors construct portfolios with considerably different compositions
6. If there are restrictions on short selling and borrowing at the risk-free rate, we would expect to see that:
A)both highly risk-averse individuals and those with less risk aversion tend to concentrate their portfolios.
B)highly risk-averse individuals tend to hold heavily diversified portfolios, while those with less risk aversion tend to concentrate their portfolios.
C)less risk-averse individuals tend to hold heavily diversified portfolios, while those with more risk aversion tend to concentrate their portfolios
Explanation — Restrictions on short selling or borrowing at the risk-free rate make investors construct portfolios with considerably different compositions. Highly risk-averse individuals tend to hold heavily diversified portfolios, while those with less risk aversion tend to concentrate their portfolios
7. Bruce Rose, CFA, and Carla Hume, CFA, each manage a broadly diversified market portfolio for separate clients. Rose’s client has less risk aversion than Hume’s client. If Rose and Hume cannot borrow at the risk-free rate and cannot short-sell in the management of the portfolio, we would expect to see Rose’s portfolio:
A)and Hume’s portfolio to be equally diversified but different from the market portfolio.
B)to be less diversified than Hume’s portfolio.
C)to be more diversified than Hume’s portfolio
Explanation — Restrictions on short selling or borrowing at the risk-free rate make investors construct portfolios with considerably different compositions. Highly risk-averse individuals tend to hold heavily diversified portfolios, while those with less risk aversion tend to concentrate their portfolios
8.1 Brad Secrest, CFA has worked for World Funds Incorporated for many years. World Funds offers a variety of publicly traded mutual funds. The funds range from conservative fixed-income funds to high-risk funds that invest in small growth stocks and international stocks. The flagship fund of World Funds is the All Stock Fund, which Secrest manages. The stated goal of the fund is to use a wide variety of stocks to create a very diversified portfolio. In managing the fund, Secrest uses the level of the S&P 500’s return as All Stock Fund’s return benchmark, but Secrest attempts to keep the standard deviation of the returns of the All Stock Fund less than the returns standard deviation of the S&P 500. Part of Secrest’s strategy is to keep the turnover ratio of the fund very low so as to keep trading costs as low as possible.
The name of the mutual fund is indicative of the inputs to its portfolio. The All Stock Fund consists of long positions in a vast universe of very different stocks. That universe of stocks includes all the stocks in the S&P 500 plus several thousand stocks that trade on other exchanges, on the NASDAQ and even in the area of the over the counter market called the “pink sheets”. Secrest thinks that he has achieved, as much as is practically possible, the highest level of diversification with the thousands of stocks that he has included in the All Stock Fund. By making this portfolio available to investors, Secrest feels that he is not only doing a good job for his company but he is also doing the market a service by providing an efficient portfolio, which market participants can use to truly capitalize on the principles of the capital market line.
All Stock Fund is a public mutual fund, which has to conform to the usual trading restrictions associated with those funds. Secrest wants to initiate a second fund for World Funds. This fund would be marketed to private, sophisticated investors. By placing restrictions on who can invest in the fund, Secrest knows he can use trading strategies other than simply owning long positions in stocks. Secrest begins composing a proposal and preparing a presentation for his idea for this second fund. He will submit the proposal and make the presentation to his supervisors at World Funds. His main point will be that by engaging in strategies other than owning long positions in stocks, he can compose a more efficient portfolio than either the S&P 500 or his All Stock Fund. He hopes to use both leverage and the short selling of risky assets as strategies in the new fund that he plans to propose.
Secrest plans to begin his proposal by summarizing what the term efficiency means with respect to managing investment portfolios. He then plans to go on and explain the assumptions behind important and often-used concepts such as beta and the capital market line. Which of the following is the best definition of an efficient portfolio? The portfolio has:
A)the lowest possible standard deviation of all possible portfolios constructed from available risky assets.
B)the lowest possible standard deviation given its return.
C)no skewness or kurtosis and is normally distributed
Explanation — This is one way of defining an efficient portfolio. The other is that it has the highest possible return given a standard deviation. The two statements say the same thing
8.2 Secrest’s attempt to create a portfolio that is more efficient than the S&P 500 by holding all the stocks in the S&P 500 and thousands of other stocks is:
A)not possible, because the number of assets held in a portfolio is unrelated to efficiency.
B)possible because simply holding more assets can increase efficiency.
C)possible, but it is not likely given that Secrest does not trade the stocks very much
Explanation — Holding more assets will increase efficiency.
8.3 Which of the following should help improve the efficiency of the Secrest’s proposed private fund?
A)Short selling the risk-free asset.
B)Short selling risky assets.
C)Not investing in pink sheet stocks
Explanation — Being able to short sell risky assets should improve the efficiency of the portfolio.
8.4 If investors cannot borrow at the risk free rate then this will:
A)affect the relationship between the asset’s return and beta and reduce the usefulness of the Treynor measure.
B)not affect the relationship between the asset’s return and beta, but it will reduce the usefulness of the Treynor measure.
C)affect the relationship between the asset’s return and beta, but it will not reduce the usefulness of the Treynor measure.
Explanation — If investors cannot borrow at the risk-free rate, this will reduce the usefulness of beta. Since beta is an input in the Treynor measure, it will reduce the usefulness of that measure too.
8.5 Secrest thinks that his All Stock Fund has allowed investors to capitalize on the principles of the capital market line. This may not be correct:
A)if the All Stock Fund is not efficient but could be true even if investors cannot borrow at the risk-free rate.
B)if the All Stock Fund is efficient and even if investors cannot borrow at the risk-free rate.
C)if the All Stock Fund is not efficient and/or investors cannot borrow at the risk-free rate.
Explanation — Either of these conditions, the fund not being efficient and investors not being able to borrow at the risk-free rate, will mean that the principles of the capital market line probably do not hold.
8.6 In the absence of short selling of risky assets and borrowing at the risk-free rate, we would expect to see more risk averse investors hold:
A)concentrated portfolios and less risk averse investors hold more heavily diversified portfolios.
B)heavily diversified portfolios and less risk averse investors hold heavily diversified portfolios.
C)heavily diversified portfolios and less risk averse investors hold more concentrated portfolios.
Explanation — Under these conditions, the capital market line will not work. Thus, investors will not be able to simply invest in the market portfolio and the risk-free asset. They will have to hold different portfolios as indicated.
